Ipamorelin 10mg

What is Ipamorelin? A Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue

Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide and selective growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) that stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland. As a pentapeptide, its amino acid sequence is Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 (Phe Lys NH2 at the C-terminus), with a molecular formula of C₃₈H₄₉N₉O₅ and a molecular weight of approximately 711.85 Daltons. Developed by Novo Nordisk in the late 1990s, ipamorelin was derived from a series of compounds lacking the central dipeptide Ala-Trp found in growth hormone-releasing peptide-1 (GHRP-1), resulting in a structurally unique and highly selective molecule (Raun et al., 1998).

Classified as a ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a) agonist, ipamorelin belongs to the broader family of growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs). However, what distinguishes ipamorelin from other growth hormone secretagogues such as GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 is its remarkable selectivity. Research has demonstrated that ipamorelin stimulates GH release without significantly elevating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, or prolactin levels—a selectivity profile previously only seen with growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) itself. This unique characteristic has generated significant interest within the scientific community, making ipamorelin one of the most extensively studied peptides in laboratory research on GH-axis modulation.

Mechanism of Action: How Ipamorelin Works as a Ghrelin Mimetic

Ipamorelin exerts its effects as a ghrelin mimetic by binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptors type 1a (GHSR-1a), also known as ghrelin receptors. These G protein-coupled receptors are primarily expressed on somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, as well as in the hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract, and other peripheral tissues. Upon binding, ipamorelin activates the Gq/11 signaling pathway, leading to phospholipase C activation, inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production, and subsequent intracellular calcium mobilization, which triggers the exocytosis of GH-containing secretory granules (Jiménez-Reina et al., 2002).

The GH-releasing potency of ipamorelin is comparable to that of GHRP-6 in both in vitro and in vivo models. In primary rat pituitary cells, ipamorelin released GH with an EC50 of 1.3 ± 0.4 nmol/L and maximal efficacy of 85 ± 5% relative to GHRP-6. Pharmacological profiling using GHRP and GHRH receptor antagonists confirmed that ipamorelin acts specifically through the GHRP-like receptor pathway, distinct from the GHRH receptor (Raun et al., 1998).

Selectivity for Growth Hormone Release

What makes ipamorelin's mechanism truly distinctive is its selectivity profile. In conscious swine models, GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 administration resulted in significant increases in plasma ACTH and cortisol. In stark contrast, ipamorelin did not release ACTH or cortisol at levels significantly different from GHRH stimulation alone—even at doses more than 200-fold higher than the ED50 for GH release. Additionally, ipamorelin does not affect follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (Raun et al., 1998).

Downstream Effects on Growth Hormone Levels and IGF-1

Once GH is released into circulation, it binds to GH receptors on hepatocytes in the liver, stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). This process of growth hormone production and secretion through the GH/IGF-1 axis mediates many of the downstream anabolic effects studied in ipamorelin research, including bone growth, body composition changes, and tissue repair. Research by Malmlöf et al. (1999) confirmed that repeated ipamorelin administration leads to increased growth hormone levels and circulating IGF-1 in parallel with its growth-promoting effects. Importantly, ipamorelin also stimulates GH release in a pulsatile, physiological manner, preserving the natural feedback mechanisms involving somatostatin and GHRH.

Research Applications

Ipamorelin's selective GH-releasing properties and favorable safety profile have made it a subject of research across multiple disciplines. Below are the key areas where researchers and scientists have investigated this peptide for research use in controlled laboratory settings.

Growth Hormone Optimization and Body Composition

The primary research application of ipamorelin centers on its ability to reliably stimulate endogenous GH release. Studies indicate that ipamorelin produces robust, dose-dependent increases in plasma GH across multiple animal species. In rats, the ED50 for GH release was 80 ± 42 nmol/kg, while in swine the ED50 was 2.3 ± 0.03 nmol/kg (Raun et al., 1998). Research has also examined the role of ipamorelin and other GH secretagogues in modulating body composition. Lall et al. (2001) found that ipamorelin influenced body weight and fat pad weights in both normal and GH-deficient (lit/lit) mice, suggesting that some body composition effects may involve both GH-dependent and GH-independent pathways. Ipamorelin has been evaluated in broader GHS research examining GH-axis signaling, body-composition measures, and recovery-related endpoints (Sinha et al., 2020).

Muscle Mass and Muscle Growth

Research suggests that ipamorelin's ability to enhance growth hormone production may have significant implications for muscle mass maintenance and muscle growth in laboratory settings. Andersen et al. (2001) demonstrated that simultaneous ipamorelin administration significantly increased maximum tetanic muscle tension in glucocorticoid-treated rats, indicating protective effects on skeletal muscle. The GH/IGF-1 axis stimulated by ipamorelin plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and muscle fiber maintenance in rodent models. These findings are particularly relevant to researchers studying age-related sarcopenia, where declining growth hormone levels correlate with progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. For a deeper comparison of peptide combinations that target body composition and muscle growth, see our research guide.

Bone Density and Skeletal Growth

A substantial body of research has focused on ipamorelin's effects on bone. Johansen et al. (1999) demonstrated that ipamorelin dose-dependently increased longitudinal bone growth rate from 42 μm/day to 52 μm/day in adult female rats, accompanied by significant body weight gain. Svensson et al. (2000) further showed that 12 weeks of continuous ipamorelin administration increased total tibial and vertebral bone mineral content (BMC) as measured by DXA, with the gains attributable to increased bone dimensions rather than changes in volumetric bone mineral density. Critically, Andersen et al. (2001) found that ipamorelin counteracted glucocorticoid-induced bone loss: co-administration of ipamorelin with methylprednisolone resulted in a four-fold increase in periosteal bone formation rate compared to glucocorticoid treatment alone.

Gastrointestinal Motility, Gastric Dysmotility, and Postoperative Ileus

As a ghrelin receptor agonist, ipamorelin has been investigated for its prokinetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Venkova et al. (2009) showed that ipamorelin accelerated gastrointestinal transit and reduced time to first bowel movement in a rodent model of postoperative ileus (POI). Repetitive dosing at 0.1–1.0 mg/kg significantly increased cumulative fecal pellet output, food intake, and body weight recovery. Greenwood-Van Meerveld et al. (2012) further confirmed the efficacy of ipamorelin on gastric dysmotility, demonstrating that it accelerates gastric emptying by stimulating gastric contractility through ghrelin receptor activation. These preclinical results led to a Phase 2 clinical research study (Beck et al., 2014), which evaluated ipamorelin in 114 research subjects undergoing bowel resection surgery and found it to be well tolerated, though statistically significant efficacy endpoints were not met in this proof-of-concept study.

Anti-Catabolic Research and Recovery

Ipamorelin has been studied for its potential to counteract the catabolic effects of glucocorticoid excess and improve recovery in animal models. Malmlöf et al. (1999) demonstrated that ipamorelin administration maintained the GH-releasing response even during methylprednisolone treatment, and that repeated ipamorelin dosing significantly reduced glucocorticoid-induced body weight loss while increasing IGF-1 levels. These findings point to ipamorelin's potential in research models studying recovery from catabolic states, surgical recovery, and age-related sarcopenia. For more on research peptides used in recovery applications, see our guide on BPC-157 and TB-500, two peptides widely studied for tissue repair and recovery.

Sleep Quality and Circadian Rhythm Research

Research suggests that growth hormone secretagogues including ipamorelin may influence sleep quality through modulation of the GH axis. Growth hormone secretion is closely linked to sleep architecture, with the majority of endogenous GH release occurring during slow-wave sleep. Studies in rodent models indicate that ghrelin receptor agonists can influence sleep patterns by acting on hypothalamic circuits involved in circadian regulation. While direct studies on ipamorelin and sleep are limited, the broader GHS literature suggests that enhancing pulsatile GH release may support improvements in sleep quality, which is an essential area of ongoing investigation by the scientific community.

Metabolic Health and Energy Metabolism

Ipamorelin's role in metabolic health has attracted growing attention from researchers. Growth hormone is a key regulator of metabolism, influencing lipid metabolism in the liver, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure. Research in animal models indicates that GH secretagogues can modulate metabolic parameters including fat oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and overall metabolic health. Ipamorelin's selective stimulation of GH—without elevating cortisol, which can impair metabolic function—makes it a particularly useful tool for scientists studying the metabolic effects of GH in isolation from HPA-axis activation.

Cognitive Function Research

Emerging research has explored the relationship between growth hormone levels and cognitive function. The GH/IGF-1 axis has been implicated in neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive performance in animal models. As GH levels decline with age, researchers have investigated whether GH secretagogues like ipamorelin may influence cognitive parameters. While dedicated cognitive studies with ipamorelin are still in early stages, the broader literature on ghrelin receptor activation and brain function suggests potential therapeutic applications that warrant further investigation. For researchers interested in neuropeptides, Selank and Semax are also widely studied for their effects on cognitive function.

Skin Elasticity and Anti-Aging Research

Growth hormone plays a well-documented role in skin health, including collagen synthesis and skin elasticity maintenance. Age-related declines in GH are associated with reduced skin thickness, decreased collagen content, and loss of skin elasticity. In the context of anti-aging research, ipamorelin's ability to stimulate natural growth hormone release has led researchers to investigate its potential effects on markers of skin health in animal models. Peptides such as GHK-Cu and Epithalon are also studied alongside growth hormone secretagogues for their roles in tissue rejuvenation and wellness.

Published Research Studies

The following studies represent key publications in ipamorelin research, providing the foundation for our current understanding of this synthetic peptide's pharmacology and applications in laboratory research.

1. Raun et al. (1998) – European Journal of Endocrinology: This landmark study first characterized ipamorelin as the first selective GHRP-receptor agonist. The researchers demonstrated that ipamorelin released GH with potency comparable to GHRP-6 in both rat and swine models, but uniquely did not stimulate ACTH or cortisol release even at suprapharmacological doses. This selectivity profile established ipamorelin as a distinct and promising GHS (PMID: 9849822).
2. Johansen et al. (1999) – Growth Hormone & IGF Research: This study examined the effects of ipamorelin on longitudinal bone growth in adult female rats over 15 days. Subcutaneous injections at doses of 18–450 μg/day produced dose-dependent increases in longitudinal bone growth rate (up to a 24% increase) and body weight gain. The study also confirmed that chronic ipamorelin treatment did not deplete pituitary GH stores (PMID: 10373343).
3. Svensson et al. (2000) – Journal of Endocrinology: This 12-week study in adult female rats demonstrated that continuous subcutaneous ipamorelin administration (0.5 mg/kg/day) increased total tibial and vertebral BMC. The authors showed that BMC gains resulted from increased bone dimensions rather than changes in volumetric BMD (PMID: 10828840).
4. Andersen et al. (2001) – Growth Hormone & IGF Research: In 8-month-old female rats treated with methylprednisolone for 3 months, co-administration of ipamorelin significantly increased maximum tetanic muscle tension and produced a four-fold increase in periosteal bone formation rate compared to glucocorticoid-only controls (PMID: 11735244).
5. Malmlöf et al. (1999) – Growth Hormone & IGF Research: This study demonstrated that ipamorelin maintained GH-releasing response during methylprednisolone treatment, and that repeated dosing significantly reduced glucocorticoid-induced body weight loss while increasing IGF-1 levels (PMID: 10612024).
6. Venkova et al. (2009) – Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: This study showed that ipamorelin accelerated gastrointestinal transit in a rodent model of postoperative ileus, with repetitive dosing significantly increasing fecal pellet output, food intake, and body weight recovery (PMID: 19286560).
7. Greenwood-Van Meerveld et al. (2012) – Journal of Experimental Pharmacology: Confirmed the efficacy of ipamorelin as a ghrelin mimetic on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model, demonstrating accelerated gastric emptying through ghrelin receptor activation (PMID: 27186129).
8. Beck et al. (2014) – Diseases of the Colon & Rectum: This Phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 114 research subjects undergoing bowel resection. Ipamorelin was well tolerated and showed a trend toward faster meal tolerance, though primary efficacy endpoints did not achieve statistical significance (PMID: 25331030).
9. Jiménez-Reina et al. (2002) – Histology and Histopathology: Demonstrated that chronic ipamorelin treatment preserved somatotroph cell populations while increasing the volume density of secretory granules, indicating maintained pituitary responsiveness (PMID: 12168780).
10. Lall et al. (2001) – Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications: Found that ipamorelin influenced body weight and fat pad weights through both GH-dependent and GH-independent pathways (PMID: 11162491).
11. Sinha et al. (2020) – Translational Andrology and Urology: Reviewed the role of growth hormone secretagogues including ipamorelin in body composition management and their potential therapeutic applications (PMID: 32055478).

Published Research Protocols

The following describes dosages used in published research studies and is for research reference only. This is not medical advice. Researchers should always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before designing experimental protocols. Ipamorelin dosages in published research vary based on the model system, route of administration, and research objective.

Published Research Protocols

Subcutaneous administration: In bone growth research, Johansen et al. administered ipamorelin at 6, 30, and 150 μg per injection three times daily (18–450 μg/day total) in adult female rats (Johansen et al., 1999). For bone mineral content studies, continuous subcutaneous infusion via osmotic minipumps delivered 0.5 mg/kg/day over 12 weeks (Svensson et al., 2000). In the glucocorticoid counter-regulation model, Andersen et al. used 100 μg/kg administered subcutaneously three times daily for 3 months (Andersen et al., 2001).

Intravenous administration: In postoperative ileus models, Venkova et al. tested IV doses ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg, with repetitive dosing regimens of four doses per day at 3-hour intervals over 2 days (Venkova et al., 2009). Published repetitive-dose protocols reported local tissue observations; protocol design should be determined by the relevant institutional research requirements.

Published Research Protocols

The Phase 2 clinical research study by Beck et al. used intravenous infusions of 0.03 mg/kg ipamorelin twice daily, administered on postoperative days 1 through 7 or until hospital discharge (Beck et al., 2014). For experimental reproducibility, researchers should document dose, schedule, species, and study conditions in accordance with institutional research requirements.

Reconstitution for Research Use

For laboratory research, lyophilized ipamorelin is typically reconstituted with bacteriostatic water or sterile water. Add the diluent slowly along the wall of the vial and swirl gently—do not shake vigorously. Allow the peptide to fully dissolve before use. For detailed preparation protocols, refer to our peptide reconstitution guide.

Storage and Handling

Proper storage is essential for maintaining the stability and potency of ipamorelin in research applications. Follow these storage instructions to ensure peptide integrity throughout your experiments.

Lyophilized Storage

Lyophilized (freeze-dried) ipamorelin should be stored at -20°C for long-term storage, where it remains stable for extended periods. Short-term storage at 2–8°C (refrigerated) is also acceptable for periods of several weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles and protect from light and moisture.

Reconstituted Storage

Once reconstituted with bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol), the solution should be refrigerated at 2–8°C and used within 4–6 weeks. If reconstituted with sterile water (without a preservative), the solution should ideally be used more promptly and kept strictly refrigerated. During handling, work in a clean environment and use sterile syringes and needles to prevent microbial contamination.

Ipamorelin is a relatively stable peptide compared to other GHRPs, as evidenced by pharmacokinetic research showing that 60–80% of administered ipamorelin can be recovered as intact peptide from urine and bile (Johansen et al., 1998). For comprehensive storage guidelines for all research peptides, see our guide on how to store research peptides.

Safety Profile and Side Effects in Research

Ipamorelin is widely regarded as one of the most well-tolerated growth hormone secretagogues studied to date, primarily due to its exceptional selectivity for GH release without significant effects on other pituitary hormones or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Researchers should be aware of both its safety advantages and potential health risks when designing experiments.

Endocrine Selectivity

The seminal study by Raun et al. (1998) demonstrated that ipamorelin does not significantly increase ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, FSH, LH, or TSH—even at doses exceeding 200 times the ED50 for GH release. This is in sharp contrast to GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, which reliably elevate ACTH and cortisol at GH-releasing doses. This endocrine profile has been evaluated for changes in cortisol-related measures and hypothalamic-pituitary-axis markers.

Clinical Safety Data

In the Phase 2 clinical research study by Beck et al. (2014), ipamorelin at 0.03 mg/kg twice daily for up to 7 days was well tolerated. The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was actually lower in the ipamorelin group (87.5%) than in the placebo group (94.8%). Common adverse events were primarily related to the surgical procedure rather than study drug administration, and no significant safety concerns were identified.

Known Side Effects and Health Risks

While ipamorelin demonstrates a favorable safety profile, researchers should be aware of potential health risks documented in the literature. Mild side effects observed in preclinical studies include transient injection site reactions, mild headache, and temporary water retention—effects common to growth hormone secretagogues as a class. Chronic treatment in rats showed mild tachyphylaxis (reduced GH response) after 15 days of continuous dosing (Johansen et al., 1999). However, Jiménez-Reina et al. demonstrated that chronic ipamorelin treatment preserved somatotroph cell populations while increasing the volume density of secretory granules, indicating maintained pituitary responsiveness (Jiménez-Reina et al., 2002). All research chemicals, including ipamorelin, should be handled with appropriate safety precautions in a controlled laboratory environment.

Related Peptides

Ipamorelin belongs to the growth hormone secretagogue family and is often studied alongside or compared with several related peptides in research settings.

Comparing Ipamorelin with CJC 1295 and Other GH Peptides

CJC 1295 (also written as CJC-1295) is a GHRH analog frequently combined with ipamorelin in research, as these two peptides work through different receptor pathways—the GHRH receptor and ghrelin receptor, respectively—and may produce synergistic GH release. Sermorelin acts through the GHRH receptor rather than the ghrelin receptor, offering a complementary pathway for GH stimulation. GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 are earlier-generation GHRPs with higher potency but less favorable selectivity, as both increase ACTH and cortisol.

For researchers studying tissue repair and recovery, BPC-157 and TB-500 are complementary peptides that work through different mechanisms to improve recovery outcomes. Thymosin Alpha-1 is studied for immune modulation, while NAD+ is investigated for its role in cellular energy and metabolism. For weight management research, IPP-3 RT and IPP-2 TRZ represent newer approaches to metabolic health. Explore our full catalog of research peptides for additional options.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is ipamorelin used for in research?

Ipamorelin is primarily used in laboratory research to study selective growth hormone release, bone growth and density, body composition, gastrointestinal motility, and the counter-regulation of glucocorticoid-induced catabolic effects. Its exceptional selectivity for GH release—without elevating cortisol, ACTH, or prolactin—makes it a valuable tool for isolating GH-mediated effects in experimental models.

How does ipamorelin work as a growth hormone secretagogue?

Ipamorelin works by binding to growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSR-1a) on pituitary somatotroph cells. This activates intracellular signaling cascades that lead to the release of stored growth hormone. Unlike other secretagogues, ipamorelin achieves this without stimulating the release of other pituitary hormones, making it exceptionally selective for growth hormone production.

How does ipamorelin differ from GHRP-6 and GHRP-2?

While all three peptides activate the ghrelin receptor and stimulate GH release, ipamorelin is uniquely selective. GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 cause significant increases in cortisol and ACTH at GH-releasing doses, whereas ipamorelin does not elevate these hormones even at doses exceeding 200 times its GH-releasing ED50. GHRP-6 also markedly increases appetite through ghrelin pathways, an effect that is less pronounced with ipamorelin.

Can ipamorelin be combined with CJC 1295 in research?

Yes, combining ipamorelin with CJC 1295 (a GHRH analog) is one of the most studied peptide stack combinations in GH research. Because ipamorelin acts through the ghrelin receptor and CJC 1295 acts through the GHRH receptor, they stimulate GH release through complementary pathways, potentially producing synergistic effects on growth hormone levels.

What is the purity and quality standards of Iron Peak Peptides' ipamorelin?

All ipamorelin sold by Iron Peak Peptides undergoes rigorous third-party testing and meets strict quality standards, with a guaranteed minimum purity of ≥99% as verified by HPLC. Each batch is accompanied by a quality assurance documentation documenting purity, identity, and endotoxin levels.

How should ipamorelin be reconstituted for research use?

Lyophilized ipamorelin should be reconstituted with bacteriostatic water by adding the diluent slowly along the inside wall of the vial. Swirl gently to dissolve; do not shake. Once reconstituted, store the solution at 2–8°C and use within 4–6 weeks. See our complete reconstitution guide for step-by-step instructions.

Does ipamorelin increase cortisol levels?

Research indicates that ipamorelin does not significantly increase cortisol or ACTH levels. In the landmark selectivity study by Raun et al., cortisol levels following ipamorelin administration were not significantly different from those seen with GHRH—even at doses more than 200-fold above the ED50 for GH release. This is a key differentiator from other GHRPs like GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, which do elevate cortisol.

Is ipamorelin suitable for long-term research studies?

Published research has evaluated ipamorelin administration over periods ranging from 15 days to 3 months in animal models without significant safety concerns. Chronic treatment was shown to preserve pituitary GH stores and somatotroph cell populations. However, mild tachyphylaxis (reduced GH response) has been observed with continuous dosing, which some protocols address with cycling or pulsatile administration strategies.

What are the potential side effects of ipamorelin in research?

In preclinical and clinical research, ipamorelin has demonstrated a favorable safety profile with minimal side effects. Observed effects include mild injection site reactions and transient responses common to growth hormone secretagogues. The absence of significant cortisol or prolactin elevation distinguishes ipamorelin from other GHRPs and reduces associated health risks. Researchers should consult a healthcare professional when designing protocols involving any research chemicals.

Why Buy Ipamorelin from Iron Peak Peptides?

Iron Peak Peptides is committed to providing the highest quality research peptides available to the scientific community. Every batch of our Ipamorelin 10mg undergoes comprehensive third-party laboratory testing to guarantee purity of ≥99% as verified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Each order includes a quality assurance documentation documenting identity, purity, peptide content, and endotoxin levels.

Our ipamorelin is manufactured under strict quality-controlled conditions using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to ensure batch-to-batch consistency and reliability for your research. We offer free shipping on qualifying orders, secure packaging to protect peptide integrity during transit, and responsive customer support from a team that understands the needs of research professionals. Whether you are studying GH-axis physiology, bone metabolism, gastrointestinal function, metabolic health, or exploring synergistic combinations with CJC-1295 or Sermorelin, Iron Peak Peptides delivers the purity and reliability your laboratory research demands.

References

1. Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561.
2. Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, et al. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113.
3. Svensson J, Lall S, Dickson SL, et al. The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats. J Endocrinol. 2000;165(3):569-577.
4. Andersen NB, Malmlöf K, Johansen PB, et al. The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001;11(5):266-272.
5. Malmlöf K, Johansen PB, Haahr PM, et al. Methylprednisolone does not inhibit the release of growth hormone after intravenous injection of a novel growth hormone secretagogue in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(6):445-450.
6. Venkova K, Fraser G, Hoveyda HR, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329(3):1110-1116.
7. Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Tyler K, Mohammadi E, Pietra C. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Exp Pharmacol. 2012;4:149-155.
8. Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD, et al. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534.
9. Jiménez-Reina L, Cañete R, de la Torre MJ, Bernal G. Influence of chronic treatment with the growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin, in young female rats: somatotroph response in vitro. Histol Histopathol. 2002;17(3):707-714.
10. Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, et al. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues in the rat. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1998;19(6):397-402.
11. Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138.
12. Sinha DK, Balasubramanian A, Tatem AJ, et al. Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of body composition in hypogonadal males. Transl Androl Urol. 2020;9(Suppl 2):S149-S159.